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Introduction

Àΰ£ ½Å°æ°è¸¦ ħ¹üÇÏ´Â Áúº´À» ¿¬±¸ÇÏ´Â µ¥ ÀÖ¾î ÁÖ¿ä Àå¾Ö ¿ä¼Ò´Â human phenotype À» Á¤È®ÇÏ°Ô ¹Ý¿µÇÏ´Â ½Å°æ ¼¼Æ÷ Áý´ÜÀÇ È°µ¿À» ¸ð´ÏÅ͸µ, ºÐ¼® ¹× Á¤·®È­ÇÏ´Â ´É·ÂÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÇÑ°è´Â Àΰ£ ȯÀÚ Á¶Á÷¿¡¼­ À¯·¡ÇÑ ¼¼Æ÷¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¢±Ù¼ºÀÌ ±ØÈ÷ Á¦ÇÑÀûÀ̸ç, ½Å°æ ¼¼Æ÷ÀÇ ±â´ÉÀû ÃøÁ¤À» ÃæºÐÇÑ Ã³¸®·®À¸·Î ¼öÇàÇÏ¿© ¿ÏÀüÇÑ phenotypic characterization À» ±Ô¸íÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¸ÂÃãÇü Àåºñ°¡ ºÎÁ·Çϱ⠶§¹®¿¡ ¹ß»ýÇÕ´Ï´Ù.

¼¼Æ÷ ¸®ÇÁ·Î±×·¡¹Ö ±â¼ú (cellular reprogramming technologies) ÀÇ ¹ßÀüÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇØ, Àΰ£ À¯µµ ¸¸´ÉÁٱ⼼Æ÷ (hiPSC) ¸¦ ³ú¿¡¼­ ¹ß°ßµÇ´Â ´Ù¾çÇÑ ¼¼Æ÷ Áý´Ü (¿¹: ½Å°æ ¼¼Æ÷, ½Å°æ±³ ¼¼Æ÷, ¸é¿ª ¼¼Æ÷ µî) À¸·Î ºÐÈ­½ÃÅ°´Â ÇÁ·ÎÅäÄÝ °³¹ß¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿¬±¸°¡ È°¹ßÈ÷ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁ³½À´Ï´Ù. ±× °á°ú, µµÆĹμº, GABA¼º, ±Û·çŽ»ê¼º, ¸»ÃÊ ½Å°æ ¼¼Æ÷ µî ¿©·¯ °¡Áö ½Å°æ ¼¼Æ÷ ¸ðµ¨ÀÌ »ý¼ºµÇ¾úÁö¸¸, ´ëºÎºÐ ¾ÆÁ÷ ÃæºÐÈ÷ Ư¼ºÈ­µÇÁö ¾Ê¾Ò½À´Ï´Ù. ÀÌ¿¡ µû¶ó ½ÃÇè°ü ³»(in vitro) ¼¼Æ÷ ¸ðµ¨À» ´õ ±íÀÌ ÀÌÇØÇÏ°í, À̸¦ °³¼±ÇÒ ¹æ¹ýÀ» ã´Â °ÍÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÕ´Ï´Ù.

ÀÌ Application Note ¿¡¼­ ¼³¸íÇÏ´Â Incucyte¢ç Live-Cell Analysis System ÀÇ ±â¼ú, ¹æ¹ý·Ð ¹× ÀÀ¿ë ºÐ¾ß´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¹®Á¦¸¦ ÇØ°áÇϱâ À§ÇØ ¼³°èµÇ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù. Áï, ¿¬±¸Àڵ鿡°Ô ÀÚµ¿È­µÈ µµ±¸¸¦ Á¦°øÇÏ¿© º¹ÀâÇÑ ½Å°æ ¸ðµ¨ÀÇ Æò°¡, Ư¼ºÈ­ ¹× °ËÁõÀ» ¿ëÀÌÇÏ°Ô ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï µ½´Â °ÍÀÌ ¸ñÇ¥ÀÔ´Ï´Ù.


Assay Principle

½Å°æ ¼¼Æ÷ÀÇ ÇüÅÂÀû Ư¡ (¿¹: ½Å°æ µ¹±â ¼ºÀå) À» ÃøÁ¤ÇÏ¸é ±× ±¸Á¶¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÅëÂû·ÂÀ» ¾òÀ» ¼ö ÀÖÁö¸¸, ½Å°æ È°µ¿ÀÇ ºÐ¼® (neuronal activity assays) Àº ½Å°æ ¼¼Æ÷ÀÇ ±â´É, ´Ù¸¥ ½Å°æ ¼¼Æ÷¿ÍÀÇ ½Ã³À½º ¿¬°á Çü¼º ¹æ½Ä, ±×¸®°í ȯ°æ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹ÝÀÀÀ» º¸´Ù Á¤±³ÇÏ°í ½ÉÃþÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÌÇØÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï ÇØÁÝ´Ï´Ù.

ÀÌ Application Note ¿¡¼­´Â Àå±â°£ ½Å°æ È°µ¿À» ÃøÁ¤ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÅëÇÕ ¼Ö·ç¼ÇÀ» ¼Ò°³ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ÀÌ ¼Ö·ç¼ÇÀº Incucyte¢ç Neuroburst Orange Lentivirus, ½Å°æ ¼¼Æ÷ ƯÀÌÀû À¯ÀüÀÚ ¹ßÇö Ä®½· Áö½ÃÀÚ (GECI, Genetically Encoded Calcium Indicator), ±×¸®°í Incucyte¢ç Live-Cell Analysis SystemÀ» È°¿ëÇÏ¿© ±¸¼ºµË´Ï´Ù.

ÇØ´ç ½Ã½ºÅÛÀº Orange/NIR ¶Ç´Â Green/Orange/NIR ±¤ÇÐ ¸ðµâÀÌ ÀåÂøµÈ ÇüÅ·Π»ç¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.

¶ÇÇÑ, Incucyte¢ç Neuronal Activity Software Module ¿¡¼­ Á¦°øÇÏ´Â ÅëÇÕ ºÐ¼® µµ±¸¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇϸé, ¹è¾çµÈ ¼öõ °³ÀÇ ±â´É¼º ½Å°æ ¼¼Æ÷¿¡¼­ Ä®½· Áøµ¿(calcium oscillations) À» ÀÚµ¿À¸·Î Á¤·®È­ÇÏ°í, ½Å°æ ¼¼Æ÷ÀÇ ÇüÅ º¯È­¸¦ Àå±â°£ (¼öÀÏ, ¼öÁÖ, ¼ö°³¿ù) ¸ð´ÏÅ͸µÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù(±×¸² 1).

ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Á¢±Ù ¹æ½ÄÀº ¿¬±¸Àڵ鿡°Ô ¼¼Æ÷ °£ ³×Æ®¿öÅ© ¿¬°áÀÌ ¾ðÁ¦, ¾î¶»°Ô Çü¼ºµÇ´ÂÁö¸¦ º¸´Ù Àß ÀÌÇØÇÒ ±âȸ¸¦ Á¦°øÇϸç, ȯ°æÀû ¿äÀÎ (¿¹: ¾à¹° ó¸®, ±âÁú ¼¼Æ÷, ¹è¾ç ¹èÁö Á¶¼º µî) ÀÌ ½Å°æ ¼¼Æ÷ÀÇ Çൿ¿¡ ¹ÌÄ¡´Â ¿µÇâÀ» ±Ô¸íÇÏ´Â µ¥ À¯¿ëÇÑ Á¤º¸¸¦ Á¦°øÇÕ´Ï´Ù.


Figure 1 : IncuCyte Neuronal Activity Assay Workflow
The Incucyte ¢ç Neuronal Activity Assay allows for measurements of long-term synaptic activity from neuronal cell models in physiologically relevant conditions. The assay provides an end-to-end solution consisting of reagents, protocols, instrumentation, and software for a user-friendly workflow.

Incucyte¢ç Live-Cell Analysis System ÀÇ User Interface ´Â 96 well plate ³» °¢ well ¿¡¼­ ½Å°æ È°µ¿À» ½Ã°¢È­Çϵµ·Ï ¼³°èµÇ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù. °¢ ½ºÄµÀº 30~180ÃÊ µ¿¾È Stare Mode ¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© ¼¼Æ÷ È°µ¿À» ÃÊ´ç 3ÇÁ·¹ÀÓÀÇ ¼Óµµ·Î ÃÔ¿µÇÏ´Â ¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î ÁøÇàµË´Ï´Ù.

ȹµæµÈ Stare Mode ¿µ»óÀº ´ÜÀÏ ¹üÀ§ (range) À̹ÌÁö·Î º¯È¯µÇ¾î °£´ÜÇÑ ½Ã°¢Àû È®ÀÎÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÕ´Ï´Ù (Figure 2B). ÀÌ À̹ÌÁö´Â ÁöÁ¤µÈ ½ºÄµ ½Ã°£ µ¿¾È ¹è¾çµÈ °¢ ¼¼Æ÷¿¡¼­ °¨ÁöµÈ °­µµ ¹üÀ§¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³À´Ï´Ù.

ÀÌ À̹ÌÁö¸¦ È°¿ëÇÏ¿© ÀÚµ¿ À̹ÌÁö ºÐÇÒ µµ±¸(image segmentation tools) ¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ¸é °¢ À£¿¡¼­ È°¼ºÈ­µÈ ¼¼Æ÷ (active objects, cells) ¸¦ ½Äº°ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù (Figure 2C). ÀÌÈÄ, °³º° ¼¼Æ÷ÀÇ Çü±¤ °­µµ º¯È­ (fluorescent intensity changes) ¸¦ ±â¹ÝÀ¸·Î °¢ ¼¼Æ÷ÀÇ °­µµ º¯È­ ±×·¡ÇÁ(intensity traces)°¡ »ý¼ºµË´Ï´Ù(Figure 2D).

ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ½ºÄµÀº 24½Ã°£¸¶´Ù ÇÑ ¹ø¾¿ ¼öÇàµÇ¸ç, iPSC ¿¡¼­ À¯·¡ÇÑ iCell¢ç GlutaNeurons (Cellular Dynamics) ÀÇ »ùÇà µ¥ÀÌÅ͸¦ º¸¸é, ³×Æ®¿öÅ© ¼º¼÷µµ(network maturity) ¿¡ µû¶ó ¹è¾ç ³» È°µ¿ÀÌ ³¯¸¶´Ù Å©°Ô º¯È­ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» È®ÀÎÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.

¿¹¸¦ µé¾î, ¹è¾ç 4ÀÏ Â÷(Day 4) ¿¡´Â È°µ¿ÀÌ °ÅÀÇ ¾ø¾úÀ¸³ª, 7ÀÏ Â÷ (Day 7) ºÎÅÍ Á¡ÁøÀûÀ¸·Î Áõ°¡ÇÏ¿´°í, 12ÀÏ Â÷ (Day 12) ¹× 17ÀÏ Â÷ (Day 17) ¿¡¼­´Â °íµµ·Î µ¿±âÈ­µÈ È°µ¿ÀÌ °üÂûµÇ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù.

¼öÁýµÈ µ¥ÀÌÅÍ´Â °¢ À£°ú °¢ ½ºÄµ ½Ã°£º°·Î ÀÚµ¿À¸·Î °è»êµÈ ¿©·¯ ÁöÇ¥ (automated metrics) ¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇϸç, À̸¦ ÅëÇØ ½ÇÇè ±â°£ µ¿¾ÈÀÇ ÁöÇ¥ º¯È­ ÃßÀ̸¦ °£ÆíÇÏ°Ô ½Ã°¢È­ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù(Table 1).



Figure 2 : IncuCyte Neuronal Activity Assay Protocol and Purpose-built Software
Quick guide workflow of Incucyte¢ç Neuroburst Orange Lentivirus infection protocol (A). The Incucyte¢ç Neuronal Activity Analysis Software Module user interface is capable of displaying object traces, viewing movies, and longitudinal data of neuronal activity from each well (B). Fluorescent range image and automated segmentation mask of each active object represents a snapshot of activity over the complete scan (C). An example of iCell¢ç GlutaNeuron calcium traces from each 3 minute scan indicate changing neuronal activity (fluorescence intensity) over 17 days in culture (D).


Table 1: Neuronal Activity Analysis Metrics
Metric Description
Active Object Count (1/image) The number of objects (cells/cell clusters) that burst at least once above the Minimum Burst threshold over the total scan time.
Mean Intensity (OCU) The mean intensity of an object over the total scan time. All objects within the image are calculated individually, then values are averaged.
Mean Correlation Every object is compared to every other object in the image to generate a value between -1 and 1, with 0 being completely random and 1 being highly synchronized. This is a measure of network connectivity.
Mean Burst Duration (sec) The duration of each calcium burst over the total scan time is calculated individually, then values are averaged.
Mean Burst Rate (1/min) The number of calcium bursts over the total scan time divided by the scan time in min.
Mean Burst Strength (OCU) The area under each calcium burst divided by the duration of that burst is calculated individually, then values are averaged.


Results

Optimization of Incucyte¢ç Neuroburst Orange Lentivirus

E18 Ãʱ⠹è¾Æ ´Ü°èÀÇ »ýÁã ´º·± (Primary Rat Neurons, E18) À» »ýÁã ¼º»ó¼¼Æ÷ (astrocytes) ¿Í °øµ¿ ¹è¾çÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ½Å°æ È°µ¿À» ¿¬±¸ÇÏ´Â µ¥ ³Î¸® °ËÁõµÈ ¸ðµ¨·Î »ç¿ëµË´Ï´Ù. º» ½ÇÇè¿¡¼­´Â E18 »ýÁã ´ë³ú Àü³ú ´º·±À» ÀÏÁ¤ÇÑ ¼öÀÇ »ýÁã ¼º»ó¼¼Æ÷(15K/well)¿Í ÇÔ²² ¹è¾çÇϸ鼭 ´º·±ÀÇ ¹Ðµµ¸¦ 5K~40K/well ¹üÀ§·Î Á¡Â÷ °¨¼Ò½ÃÅ°¸ç ½ÇÇèÀ» ÁøÇàÇÏ¿´½À´Ï´Ù.

Figure 3A ¿¡¼­ È®ÀÎÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµíÀÌ, Çü±¤ °­µµ (fluorescence intensity) ´Â ¼¼Æ÷ ¹Ðµµ¿Í °­ÇÑ »ó°ü°ü°è¸¦ º¸¿´À¸¸ç, °¡Àå ³ôÀº ½Å°æ È°µ¿Àº 40K ´º·±/well ¿¡¼­ °üÂûµÇ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù.

ÀÌ Çü±¤ °­µµ ºÐÆ÷ À̹ÌÁö (range image) ´Â ¿¬±¸ÀÚ°¡ ÇüÅÂÇÐÀû º¯È­ (morphology), ¼¼Æ÷ µ¶¼º (toxicity), ±×¸®°í À¯ÀüÀÚ µµÀÔ (transduction efficiency) ¿©ºÎ¸¦ Á¤¼ºÀûÀ¸·Î Æò°¡ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï µµ¿ÍÁÝ´Ï´Ù.

´º·± È°µ¿À» ³ªÅ¸³»´Â Ca©÷+ ½ÅÈ£ÀÇ ½Ã°£Àû º¯È­ °á°ú (Trace) ´Â °¢ well¿¡¼­ÀÇ ½Å°æ È°µ¿À» Á¤·®ÀûÀ¸·Î Æò°¡ÇÏ´Â µ¥ »ç¿ëµÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ´º·± ¹Ðµµ´Â °¢ ½ºÄµ¿¡¼­ ½Å°æ È°µ¿À» ½Ã°¢ÀûÀ¸·Î ÃÖÀûÈ­ÇÏ´Â µ¥ ÀûÀýÇÑ ¼öÁØÀ̾ú½À´Ï´Ù (Figure 3B). ¶ÇÇÑ, Àüü 12ÀÏ ½ÇÇè ±â°£ µ¿¾È È°¼ºÈ­µÈ °³Ã¼¸¦ °ËÃâÇÏ´Â µ¥¿¡µµ È¿°úÀûÀ̾ú½À´Ï´Ù (Figure 3C).


Figure 3: Functional Activity of Primary Neurons.
Primary rat forebrain neurons were seeded at 40K (rows A and B), 20K (rows C and D), 10K (rows E and F), and 5K (rows G and H) cells/well. All densities of neurons were plated in a co-culture with primary rat astrocytes seeded at 15K cells/well and transduced with the incuCyte Neuroburst Orange Lentivirus. 96-well vessel view of the range image over the course of the scan provides a snapshot of active wells at each time point (A). Summary traces of fluorescence intensity across all active objects for the 96-well plate at Day 12 provide an overview of activity and display metrics of bursting intensity, active object number and mean correlation (B). 96-well throughput with high kinetic reproducibility over 12 days in culture (C).

Functional Profiling of Different iPSC-derived Neurons

Incucyte¢ç Live-Cell Analysis System °ú Incucyte¢ç Neuroburst Orange Lentivirus ¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ¿©, ¹è¾ç ±â°£ 30~50ÀÏ µ¿¾È ³× °¡Áö À¯ÇüÀÇ iPSC (À¯µµ¸¸´ÉÁٱ⼼Æ÷) À¯·¡ ´º·±À» Æò°¡ÇÏ¿´½À´Ï´Ù. ½ÇÇè¿¡ »ç¿ëµÈ ¼¼Æ÷´Â iCell¢ç GlutaNeurons (Figure 4A), iCell¢ç GABANeurons (Figure 4B), iCell¢ç DopaNeurons (Figure 4C, »ýÁã ¼º»ó¼¼Æ÷¿Í °øµ¿ ¹è¾ç), ±×¸®°í CNS.4U ´º·± (Figure 4D) ÀÔ´Ï´Ù.

iCell¢ç GlutaNeurons ´Â Àΰ£ iPSC¿¡¼­ À¯·¡ÇÑ ±Û·çŽ»ê¼º ½Å°æ¼¼Æ÷(enriched cortical neurons) ·Î, °øµ¿ ¹è¾ç 10ÀÏ À̳»¿¡ 1,500°³ ÀÌ»óÀÇ ¼¼Æ÷¿¡¼­ Ä®½· ¹ö½ºÆ® (Ca2+ burst) È°¼ºÀÌ ºü¸£°Ô À¯µµµÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌ È°µ¿ÀÌ ³ôÀº »ó°ü°ü°è¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³Â½À´Ï´Ù.

iCell¢ç GABANeurons ´Â 95% ÀÌ»óÀÇ ¼ø¼ö GABA¼º (¾ïÁ¦¼º) ´º·±À¸·Î ±¸¼ºµÈ ¹è¾ç ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ¸·Î, °øµ¿ ¹è¾ç ù ÁÖ µ¿¾È Ä®½· ¹ö½ºÆ® È°¼ºÀ» º¸ÀÌ´Â ¼¼Æ÷ ¼ö°¡ ºü¸£°Ô Áõ°¡Çß½À´Ï´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ ´º·±µéÀº ½ÇÇè ±â°£ µ¿¾È À¯ÀǹÌÇÑ »ó°ü°ü°è¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³»Áö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌ´Â ¾ïÁ¦¼º ´º·±ÀÇ Æ¯¼º°ú ÀÏÄ¡ÇÏ´Â °á°ú¿´½À´Ï´Ù.

¹è¾ç 14ÀÏ Â÷¿¡ ¼öÇàµÈ ¼¼Æ÷ È°¼º ºÐ¼® (Figure 4A ¹× 4B) ¿¡¼­, iCell¢ç GlutaNeurons ¿Í iCell¢ç GABANeurons ¸ðµÎ¿¡¼­ »ó´çÇÑ ¼öÀÇ È°¼º ¼¼Æ÷°¡ °üÂûµÇ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸, iCell¢ç GlutaNeurons ´Â iCell¢ç GABANeurons º¸´Ù ´õ °­ÇÑ Ä®½· ¹ö½ºÆ® °­µµ¿Í ³ôÀº µ¿±âÈ­ (Synchronicity) ¸¦ º¸¿´½À´Ï´Ù.

Èï¹Ì·Ó°Ôµµ, iCell¢ç DopaNeurons ´Â iCell¢ç GlutaNeurons ¿Í ¸Å¿ì À¯»çÇÑ È°µ¿¼ºÀ» º¸¿´À¸¸ç, ¹è¾ç ù 10ÀÏ À̳»¿¡ ³ôÀº È°¼º°ú ³ôÀº »ó°ü°ü°è¸¦ °¡Áö´Â ½Å°æ¸ÁÀÌ ºü¸£°Ô Çü¼ºµÇ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù.

ÇÑÆí, Ncardia¢ç CNS.4U ¼¼Æ÷´Â hiPSC (Àΰ£ À¯µµ¸¸´ÉÁٱ⼼Æ÷) ¿¡¼­ À¯·¡ÇÑ ´º·±°ú ¼º»ó¼¼Æ÷ÀÇ °øµ¿ ¹è¾ç ¸ðµ¨À» ´ëÇ¥ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ÀÌ ¼¼Æ÷µéÀº ¹è¾ç ù ÁÖ¿¡ ¾à 1,200 °³ÀÇ ¼¼Æ÷¿¡¼­ °­ÇÑ È°¼ºÀ» º¸¿´À¸¸ç, ¹è¾ç 34ÀÏ Â÷ºÎÅÍ »ó°ü°ü°è ±â¹Ý ³×Æ®¿öÅ© ¿¬°á¼º (network connectivity) ÀÌ Áõ°¡Çϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇß½À´Ï´Ù. ½ÇÇè Á¾·á ½ÃÁ¡ÀÎ 45ÀÏ Â÷¿¡´Â »ó°ü°è¼ö 0.7¿¡ µµ´ÞÇÏ¿´½À´Ï´Ù.


Figure 4: Functional Activity of Different iPSC-derived Neurons
iCell¢ç GlutaNeurons, iCell¢ç GABANeurons, iCell¢ç DopaNeurons (Cellular Dynamics International) and CNS.4U neurons (Ncardia¢ç) were all seeded at 20K cells/well. iCell¢ç GlutaNeurons, iCell¢ç GABANeurons and iCell¢ç DopaNeurons were also plated with a co-culture of rat astrocytes seeded at 15K cells/well. Neurons were infected with Incucyte¢ç Neuroburst Orange Lentivirus, and Active Object Number and Mean Correlation were quantified for up to 45 days. Example calcium oscillation traces and kinetic graphs of activity metrics over time for iCell¢ç GlutaNeurons (A) and iCell¢ç GABANeurons (B). Mean Correlation and Active Object Count were quantified for iCell¢ç DopaNeurons (25 days) (C) and CNS.4U neurons (45 days) (D). Data points represent Mean ¡¾ SEM.

Insights Into Structure-Function Quantification

¸»ÃʽŰ溴Áõ(Peripheral neuropathies)Àº Paclitaxel (Taxol¢ç) °ú °°Àº È­ÇÐÇ×¾ÏÁ¦ÀÇ ÈçÇÑ ºÎÀÛ¿ëÀ¸·Î, °¨°¢ ±â´É ÀúÇÏ ¹× ¸¶ºñ¿Í °ü·ÃÀÌ ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.

½Å°æµ¶¼º(neurotoxic) È¿°ú¸¦ ¿¬±¸Çϱâ À§ÇØ, »ýÁã ´ë³ú ÇÇÁú ´º·±(primary rat cortical neurons) À» »ýÁã ¼º»ó¼¼Æ÷(primary rat astrocytes) ¿Í ÇÔ²² 11ÀÏ µ¿¾È °øµ¿ ¹è¾çÇÏ¿© ¹è¾ç ȯ°æÀÌ ¼º¼÷ÇÏ°í ¾ÈÁ¤È­µÇµµ·Ï ÇÏ¿´½À´Ï´Ù.

ÀÌÈÄ, Incucyte¢ç Neuroblast Orange ¿Í Incucyte Neurolight Orange Lentivirus ¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© ¸ÅÀÏ ½Å°æ È°µ¿ ¹× ÇüÅÂÇÐÀû º¯È­¸¦ ÃøÁ¤ÇÏ¿´½À´Ï´Ù (Figure 5).

¹è¾ç 11ÀÏ Â÷ (Day 11) ¿¡, ¹è¾çµÈ ¼¼Æ÷¿¡ Taxol¢ç À» ´Ù¾çÇÑ ³óµµ·Î ó¸®ÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ÀÌÈÄ Ãß°¡ 11ÀÏ µ¿¾È ½Å°æ È°µ¿°ú ÇüÅ º¯È­¸¦ Áö¼ÓÀûÀ¸·Î ¸ð´ÏÅ͸µÇÏ¿´½À´Ï´Ù.

Figure 5 ¿¡¼­ È®ÀÎÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµíÀÌ, ¹è¾ç 21ÀÏ Â÷ (Day 21) ¿¡ ¼­ºê-³ª³ë¸ô (<10^-9M) ³óµµÀÇ Taxol¢ç À» ó¸®ÇÑ °æ¿ì, ½Å°æ µ¹±â (Neurite) ±æÀÌ º¯È­´Â ¹Ì¹ÌÇßÀ¸³ª, ´º·± È°µ¿Àº °¨¼ÒÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ °üÂûµÇ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù (Figure 5C).

¶ÇÇÑ, °³º° well¿¡¼­ ±â·ÏµÈ ½Å°æ È°µ¿ ºÐ¼® °á°ú (Figure 5D) ¿¡¼­´Â Taxol¢ç ó¸® ³óµµ¿Í ½Ã°£¿¡ µû¶ó ½Å°æ È°µ¿ÀÌ º¯È­ÇÏ´Â °æÇâÀÌ ³ªÅ¸³µ½À´Ï´Ù.


Figure 5 : Quantifying Pharmaceutical Neurotoxic Effects of Chemotherapeutic Taxol¢ç
Rat cortical neurons seeded at 30K cells/well were co-cultured with rat astrocytes seeded at 15K cells/well and transduced with Incucyte ¢ç Neuroburst Orange or Neurolight Orange Lentivirus at Day 3 in culture. Live-cell analysis measurements were made each day using the Incucyte Live-Cell Analysis System. After 11 days, neural networks had fully formed and stabilized. Taxol ¢ç ¢ç or vehicle control was then added and cultures were monitored for an additional 11 days. Time courses of neurite development (A) and neuronal activity (B) prior to, and after the addition of, control or increasing concentrations of Taxol are shown. Potency (IC 50 values) plotted against time post-treatment for neuronal activity (grey) and neurite length (orange) (C). Data is expressed as % neurite length or active object count, normalized to the pre-treatment value. Data points represent Mean ¡¾ SEM. Neuronal activity summary traces at pre-treatment and at 5, 10, and 15 days post-treatment display decreased activity levels over the course of the experiment (D).


Stem Cell Development Workflow

Àΰ£ iPSC (À¯µµ¸¸´ÉÁٱ⼼Æ÷) À¯·¡ ´º·±°ú ¼º»ó¼¼Æ÷ (glia) ¸¦ ´Üµ¶ ¹è¾ç (monoculture) ¶Ç´Â °øµ¿ ¹è¾ç (co-culture) ÇÏ´Â °í±Þ Àΰ£ ¼¼Æ÷ ±â¹Ý ¸ðµ¨ÀÌ ÃÖ±Ù ¸î ³â µ¿¾È È°¹ßÈ÷ °³¹ßµÇ°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¸ðµ¨Àº Àΰ£ÀÇ Á¾ (species) ¹× Áúº´ (disease) °ú °ü·Ã¼ºÀÌ ³ôÀº ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ» Á¦°øÇϸç, Live-Cell Analysis ¸¦ ÅëÇØ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÀÓ»ó Àû¿ë °¡´É¼ºÀÌ ³ôÀº ¸ðµ¨ (translational model) À» ½ÉÃþÀûÀ¸·Î ¿¬±¸ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. À̸¦ ÅëÇØ ½Å°æÅðÇ༺ Áúȯ (neurodegenerative diseases) ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »õ·Î¿î ¾à¸®ÇÐÀû Ä¡·á¹ýÀ» ¹ß°ßÇÒ ±âȸ¸¦ Á¦°øÇÕ´Ï´Ù.

Àΰ£ iPSC À¯·¡ ¸ðµ¨À» °³¹ßÇÒ ¶§¿¡´Â °ß°íÇÑ ¿¬±¸ ¹æ¹ý (robust methods) ÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ¿©±â¿¡´Â ¼¼Æ÷ Ư¼º ºÐ¼®(characterization) °ú ÃÖÁ¾ ¸ðµ¨ÀÇ Ç°Áú °ü¸® (QC, quality control) °úÁ¤ÀÌ Æ÷ÇԵ˴ϴÙ.

Figure 6 Àº Talisman Therapeutics ¿¡¼­ °³¹ßÇÑ Àΰ£ iPSC À¯·¡ ´º·±ÀÇ ºÐÈ­ ¹× Ư¼º ºÐ¼® ¿öÅ©Ç÷ο츦 º¸¿©ÁÝ´Ï´Ù. ÀÌ ¿öÅ©Ç÷ο쿡¼­´Â ´º¶óÀÌÆ® ¼ºÀå (neurite outgrowth) °ú ´º·± È°µ¿ (neuronal activity) ÀÇ Á¤·®Àû Æò°¡°¡ Incucyte¢ç Live-Cell Analysis System À» È°¿ëÇÏ¿© ´Ù¸¥ ºÐ¼® ±â¹ý°ú ÇÔ²² ÅëÇÕµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °úÁ¤À» ¼³¸íÇÕ´Ï´Ù.

¹è¾çÀÌ ¿Ï·áµÈ ÈÄ, ÀÌ ´º·±µéÀº È°¼º ½Å°æ¸Á (active networks) À» Çü¼ºÇϸç, À̸¦ ÅëÇØ ½Å°æÅðÇ༺ Áúȯ Ä¡·á¸¦ À§ÇÑ »õ·Î¿î Èĺ¸ ¹°ÁúÀ» Å×½ºÆ®ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¸ðµ¨·Î È°¿ëµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.


Figure 6 : Differentiation of Human iPSC-Derived Neurons Workflow


Glia Modulation

ÀüÅëÀûÀ¸·Î ³ú ±â´ÉÀÌ ´º·± È°µ¿ (neuronal activity) ¸¸À¸·Î ÀÌ·ç¾îÁø´Ù´Â °üÁ¡ÀÌ Áö¹èÀûÀ̾úÁö¸¸, ÃÖ±Ù¿¡´Â ´º·±°ú ±Û¸®¾Æ (glia) °¡ ÇÔ²² Á¶À²ÇÏ´Â º¸´Ù ÅëÇÕÀûÀÎ °üÁ¡ÀÌ ³Î¸® ¹Þ¾Æµé¿©Áö°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.

¼º»ó¼¼Æ÷ (Astrocytes) ´Â ¾ç¹æÇâ ½ÅÈ£ Àü´Þ (bidirectional communication) À» ÅëÇØ ³ú È°µ¿ÀÇ Àû±ØÀûÀÎ ÆÄÆ®³Ê ¿ªÇÒÀ» Çϸç, ÀÌ´Â »ïºÎ½Å°æÁ¢ÇÕ (tripartite synapse) ¿¡¼­ Á¶ÀýµË´Ï´Ù. »ïºÎ½Å°æÁ¢ÇÕÀº ´º·±ÀÇ ½Ã³À½º Àü(pre-synapse) ¹× ½Ã³À½º ÈÄ(post-synapse) ºÎÀ§¿Í À̵éÀ» µÑ·¯½Ñ ¼º»ó¼¼Æ÷(astroglia)ÀÇ ¹ÐÁ¢ÇÑ »óÈ£ÀÛ¿ëÀ¸·Î ±¸¼ºµË´Ï´Ù.

´º·±¿¡¼­ ¹ß»ýÇÏ´Â Ä®½· Áøµ¿ (calcium oscillations) ÀÇ º¯È­¸¦ ÅëÇØ ¼º»ó¼¼Æ÷°¡ ½ÅÈ£ Àü´Þ¿¡ ¹ÌÄ¡´Â ¿µÇâÀ» ¿¬±¸Çϱâ À§ÇØ, Talisman Therapeutics ¿Í Çù·ÂÇÏ¿© humanized live-cell ±â¹ÝÀÇ ´º·± È°µ¿ ¸ðµ¨À» °³¹ßÇÏ¿´½À´Ï´Ù.

ÃÖ±Ù hiPSC (Àΰ£ À¯µµ¸¸´ÉÁٱ⼼Æ÷) ±â¼úÀÇ ¹ßÀüÀº Àΰ£ ½Å°æ°èÀÇ Á¤»ó ¹× Áúº´ »óŸ¦ ¿¬±¸ÇÏ´Â °­·ÂÇÑ ½ÃÇè°ü (in vitro) ¸ðµ¨ Àü·«À» Á¦°øÇÕ´Ï´Ù.

´º·±ÀÇ ½Å°æµ¹±â(outgrowth) ¿Ü¿¡µµ, ´º·± È°µ¿ ÃøÁ¤Àº Incucyte¢ç Neurotrack Analysis Software ModuleÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ Å¸ÀÓ·¦½º À̹Ì¡(time-lapse imaging) ÀÚµ¿ ºÐ¼®À» ÅëÇØ ¼öÇàµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ÀÌ ¼ÒÇÁÆ®¿þ¾î¸¦ È°¿ëÇÏ¸é ¼¼Æ÷ü(cell bodies)¿Í ½Å°æµ¹±â(neurites)¸¦ ±¸º°ÇÏ°í µ¿ÀûÀ¸·Î Á¤·®È­(kinetically quantified)ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.

´Üµ¶ ¹è¾ç (monoculture) À¸·Î´Â °üÂûÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â ´õ º¹ÀâÇÑ ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡¼­ÀÇ ´º·±-¼º»ó¼¼Æ÷ »óÈ£ÀÛ¿ëÀ» °øµ¿ ¹è¾ç (co-culture) À» ÅëÇØ ¿¬±¸ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ´º·±À» ¼º»ó¼¼Æ÷¿Í °øµ¿ ¹è¾çÇÑ °æ¿ì, ´Üµ¶ ¹è¾çº¸´Ù ´õ Å©°í º¹ÀâÇÏ°Ô °¡Áö Ä£ ½Å°æµ¹±â°¡ Çü¼ºµÇ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù (Figure 7).

¶ÇÇÑ, °øµ¿ ¹è¾ç ¸ðµ¨Àº ´Üµ¶ ¹è¾ç ¸ðµ¨°ú ±â´ÉÀû ÇÁ·ÎÆÄÀÏ (functional profile) ¿¡¼­µµ Â÷À̸¦ º¸¿´½À´Ï´Ù. °øµ¿ ¹è¾çµÈ ´º·±µéÀº
- È°¼º ½Å°æ ¼¼Æ÷ (active objects, °³¼ö/À̹ÌÁö) Áõ°¡
- ¹ö½ºÆ® Áö¼Ó ½Ã°£ (burst duration, sec) Áõ°¡
- ¹ö½ºÆ® ºóµµ (burst rate, °³¼ö/min) °¨¼Ò
- ³×Æ®¿öÅ© »ó°ü¼º (network correlation) À» À¯Áö½ÃÅ°´Âµ¥ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °á°ú´Â ¼º»ó¼¼Æ÷ÀÇ Á¸Àç°¡ ´º·± ³×Æ®¿öÅ©ÀÇ ¾ÈÁ¤¼ºÀ» Áõ°¡½ÃŲ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ÀǹÌÇÕ´Ï´Ù.

´º·±°ú ¼º»ó¼¼Æ÷¸¦ ÇÔ²² ¹è¾çÇßÀ» ¶§, ´º·± ´Üµ¶ ¹è¾ç°ú´Â ´Ù¸¥ ³×Æ®¿öÅ© È°µ¿ ÆÐÅÏÀÌ ³ªÅ¸³µ½À´Ï´Ù. °øµ¿ ¹è¾çµÈ ´º·±Àº
- ´õ ±æ°í Áö¼ÓÀûÀÎ Ä®½· À̺¥Æ®(calcium events) ¹ß»ý ºóµµ°¡ °¨¼Ò
- º¸´Ù ¼º¼÷ÇÑ ½Å°æ¸Á Ư¡À» ³ªÅ¸³¿
- ¿¬¼ÓÀûÀÎ È°µ¿ÀüÀ§ ¹ßÈ­(action potential firing trains) ´É·Â Áõ°¡½Ãŵ´Ï´Ù.
ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °á°ú´Â ¼º»ó¼¼Æ÷°¡ ´º·±ÀÇ ±¸Á¶Àû ¹ß´Þ»Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ³×Æ®¿öÅ© È°µ¿°ú ¾ÈÁ¤¼º¿¡µµ Áß¿äÇÑ ¿ªÇÒÀ» ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ½Ã»çÇÕ´Ï´Ù.


Figure 7 : iPSC Neurons Co-cultured With Astrocytes Yield Greater Outgrowth and Branching and Neuronal Network Activity Is Modified
Network activity in neuron-astrocyte co-culture differs from monocultures, displaying a reduced frequency of longer-lasting burst rates (characteristic of a more mature neuronal network through the development of a network¡¯s ability to fire trains of APs). n = 12. Traces and bar charts are 23 days post-infection.


Conclusions

ÀÌ Application Note ¿¡¼­´Â Incucyte¢ç Live-Cell Analysis SystemÀ» Orange/NIR ¶Ç´Â Green/Orange/NIR ±¤ÇÐ ¸ðµâ°ú ÇÔ²² ±¸¼ºÇÏ¿©, ´Ù¾çÇÑ ´º·± Ç¥ÇöÇü (neuronal phenotypes) ÀÇ Æ¯¼º ºÐ¼® ¹× ¼º¼÷ °úÁ¤ÀÇ ÃÖÀûÈ­¸¦ Áö¿øÇÏ´Â µ¥ÀÌÅ͸¦ ¼Ò°³ÇÕ´Ï´Ù.

ÀÌ ´ÜÀÏ live-cell imaging platform Àº Incucyte¢ç Neuroburst Orange Lentivirus¿Í °áÇÕÇÏ¿©
- ºñħ½ÀÀûÀÎ(non-perturbing) ½Ã¾à°ú °ËÁõµÈ ÇÁ·ÎÅäÄÝÀ» È°¿ëÇÏ°í
- Àå±âÀûÀ¸·Î ´º·± Áý´ÜÀÇ ÇüÅÂ(morphology)¿Í Ä®½· Ç÷°½º(calcium flux) µ¿¿ªÇÐÀ» ¿¬¼ÓÀûÀ¸·Î ¸ð´ÏÅ͸µ Çϸç
- Incucyte¢ç Neuronal Activity Analysis Software ModuleÀ» ÅëÇØ ºñÀü¹®°¡µµ ½±°Ô È°¿ë °¡´ÉÇÑ °¡À̵å ÀÎÅÍÆäÀ̽º¸¦ Á¦°øÇÕ´Ï´Ù.

ÀÌ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀº »ý¸®Àû Á¶°ÇÀ» À¯ÁöÇÏ´Â ÀÎÅ¥º£ÀÌÅÍ¿¡¼­ »ç¿ë °¡´ÉÇϸç, ±âº» (primary) ´º·± ¹× iPSC (À¯µµ¸¸´ÉÁٱ⼼Æ÷) À¯·¡ ´º·± ¸ðµ¨ µî ´Ù¾çÇÑ ´º·± ¼¼Æ÷ À¯Çü°ú ÇÔ²² È°¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.

À§¿¡¼­ ¼³¸íÇÑ ¹Ù¿Í °°ÀÌ, ÀÌ ½Ã½ºÅÛ°ú ½Ã¾à Á¶ÇÕÀº ±âÁ¸ÀÇ ´ÜÀÏ ½Ã°£Á¡ ºÐ¼® ¹æ½ÄÀÌ ³õÄ¥ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ´º·± ³×Æ®¿öÅ© È°µ¿ ¹× ¿¬°á¼º (connectivity) ÀÇ ½Ç½Ã°£ µ¿Àû Á¤º¸¸¦ Á¦°øÇÕ´Ï´Ù.

½Å°æ°úÇÐ ¿¬±¸¿¡¼­´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº Áú¹®µéÀÌ ¿À·§µ¿¾È Ç®¸®Áö ¾ÊÀº ¹®Á¦¿´½À´Ï´Ù.
- iPSC À¯·¡ ´º·±ÀÌ ¾ðÁ¦ ±â´ÉÀûÀ¸·Î È°¼ºÈ­µÇ´Â°¡?
- ´º·±ÀÇ È°¼ºÀ» ÃÖÀûÈ­ÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀº ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡?
- ¹è¾çµÈ ´º·±ÀÇ ½Ã³À½º ¿¬°á¼º(synaptic connectivity)¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÅëÂûÀ» ¾î¶»°Ô ¾òÀ» °ÍÀΰ¡?

º» ¿¬±¸¿¡¼­´Â ÁÖ·Î GABA ¹× Gluta iPSC À¯·¡ ´º·± ¸ðµ¨À» È°¿ëÇÏ¿©, Incucyte¢ç Live-Cell Analysis System ÀÌ ½Å°æ °úÇÐ ¿¬±¸¿¡¼­ À¯ÀǹÌÇÑ Á¤·®Àû ÁöÇ¥ (¿¹: ½Å°æµ¹±â ±æÀÌ ¹× ¼¼Æ÷ È°µ¿) ¸¦ ±â¹ÝÀ¸·Î ´Ù¾çÇÑ ¼¼Æ÷ ¸ðµ¨À» ¿¬±¸ÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ» Á¦°øÇÔÀ» ÀÔÁõÇÏ¿´½À´Ï´Ù.

¶ÇÇÑ, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Áúº´ °ü·Ã Àΰ£È­(humanized) ¸ðµ¨À» È°¿ëÇÏ¿© ¾à¸®ÇÐÀû Á¶Àý(pharmacological modulation) ¿¬±¸µµ °¡´ÉÇÕ´Ï´Ù.

¸¶Áö¸·À¸·Î, Incucyte¢ç Live-Cell Analysis System ÀÇ ³ôÀº ½Å·Ú¼º°ú 󸮷® (robustness & throughput) ´öºÐ¿¡ ¿¬±¸ÀÚµéÀº iPSC À¯·¡ ´º·± ¸ðµ¨ °³¹ßÀ» °³¼±Çϱâ À§ÇØ ´Ù¾çÇÑ º¯¼ö¸¦ º¸´Ù È¿°úÀûÀ¸·Î ºÐ¸®ÇÏ°í ¿¬±¸ÇÏ´Â µ¥ ÁýÁßÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.

Incucyte¢ç Live-Cell Analysis SystemÀº ´º·± Ç¥ÇöÇü°ú ¼º¼÷(maturation) °úÁ¤ ºÐ¼®À» À§ÇÑ Á¾ÇÕÀûÀÎ(end-to-end) ¼Ö·ç¼ÇÀ» Á¦°øÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ÀÌ´Â ´Ü¼øÈ÷ ´º·±ÀÇ ±â´ÉÀû ¿¬±¸¿¡ ±¹ÇѵÇÁö ¾Ê°í,
- ´Ù¾çÇÑ ½Å°æ°úÇÐÀû Áú¹®À» ÇØ°áÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â Áß¿äÇÑ Á¤º¸¸¦ Á¦°øÇϸç
- ±âÁ¸ ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î´Â ³õÄ¥ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â µ¥ÀÌÅͱîÁö Æ÷ÂøÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï Áö¿øÇÕ´Ï´Ù.







 
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