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Nicola Bevan, Kirsty McBain, Daryl Cole Tim Dale
Sartorius UK Ltd., Units 2 & 3 The Quadrant, Newark Close, Royston Hertfordshire SG8 5HL UK


Introduction

Ç×ü Ä¡·áÁ¦ °³¹ß·Î ¿©·¯ Áúº´¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »õ·Î¿î Ä¡·á¹ýÀÌ ¹ß°ßµÇ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù. ¾Ï Ä¡·á ºÐ¾ß¿¡¼­´Â ADC(Antibody Drug Conjugate) º¹ÇÕüÀÇ °³¹ßÀÌ Æ¯È÷ À¯¸ÁÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ADC´Â monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) À» »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© Ư¡ÀûÀÎ ¸¶Ä¿ ¶Ç´Â Ç׿øÀ» ¹ßÇöÇÏ´Â Á¾¾ç ¼¼Æ÷¿¡ ¼¼Æ÷µ¶¼º ¾à¹°À» Á÷Á¢ Àü´ÞÇÕ´Ï´Ù.

À¯¹æ¾Ï, ¹éÇ÷º´, ´Ù¹ß¼º °ñ¼öÁ¾ ¹× ¸²ÇÁÁ¾ ¾ÏÀ» Ä¡·áÇÏ´Â µ¥ »ç¿ëµÇ´Â ¼ö¸¹Àº ÀÓ»ó °ü·Ã ADC°¡ ÇöÀç ¿¬±¸µÇ°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. º»¹®¿¡¼­´Â À¯¹æ¾Ï¿¡ »ç¿ëµÇ´Â Kadcyla¢ç ¸¦ ³íÇÏ°íÀÚ ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. Kadcyla¢ç ´Â Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER2) ¸¦ Ç¥ÀûÀ¸·Î ÇÏ´Â Ç×üÀÎ Trastuzumab(Herceptin¢ç)°ú ¼¼Æ÷µ¶¼ºÁ¦ÀÎ emtansine (DM1)ÀÇ °áÇÕüÀÔ´Ï´Ù.



Figure 1. Kadcyla¢ç Molecule


µû¶ó¼­ Kadcyla¢ç ÀÇ binding affinity, internalization ¹× cytotoxicity ¿¬±¸¸¦ ÅëÇØ ¾à¸®ÇÐÀû È¿°ú (pharmacological effects) ¸¦ ºÐ¼®ÇÏ¿© ÀÓ»ó Ä¡·áÁ¦·Î¼­ÀÇ È¿´ÉÀ» Ư¼ºÈ­ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ Áß¿äÇÕ´Ï´Ù.

º»¹®¿¡¼­´Â ´ÙÁß ±â´É Æò°¡¿Í ÇÔ²² Incucyte¢ç Live-Cell Analysis System À» »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© Kadcyla¢çÀÇ ´Ù¾çÇÑ »ý¹°ÇÐÀû È°¼ºÀ» Ư¼ºÈ­ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ» ¿¹½ÃÇÕ´Ï´Ù.


Experiment

¨ç HER2 positive monocultures ¿¡¼­ Kadcyla¢ç Ư¼º ºÐ¼®: antibody internalization ÀÇ ¾à¸®ÇÐÀû (pharmacological), µ¿¿ªÇÐ Á¤·®È­ (kinetic quantification), ¼¼Æ÷ °Ç°­ ¹× ¼¼Æ÷ Áֱ⿡ ´ëÇÑ ¿µÇâÀ» È®ÀÎÇÏ¿´½À´Ï´Ù.

¨è antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) co-culture model ¿¡¼­ Kadcyla¢çÀÇ È¿°ú¸¦ È®ÀÎÇÏ¿´½À´Ï´Ù.



Figure 2. iQue Human NK Cell Killing Kit


Results

1. Internalization Profiles

A. Incucyte¢ç Fabfluor-pH Orange ¸¦ ó¸®ÇÑ AU565 cells ¿¡ Kadcyla¢ç, trastuzumab, isotype IgG ¸¦ ó¸®Çß½À´Ï´Ù. ¹è¾ç 12½Ã°£ ÈÄ Çü±¤ ¹ßÇö À̹ÌÁö¸¦ º¸¸é Kadcyla¢ç, trastuzumab ¿¡¼­ Àß ³ªÅ¸³²À» ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.
B. Kadcyla¢ç ó¸® ³óµµ¿¡ µû¸¥ Orange Area/Phase Area (%) ¸¦ ÃøÁ¤Çß½À´Ï´Ù. 6½Ã°£ÀÌ Áö³ªÀÚ ÃÖ´ë ³óµµ¸¦ Àû¿ë½ÃŲ ½ÇÇ豸¿¡¼­ internalization signal ÀÌ ÃÖ´ëÄ¡¿¡ µµ´ÞÇßÀ½À» ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.
C. Kadcyla¢ç, trastuzumab ¸¦ ó¸®ÇÑ ½ÇÇ豸ÀÇ Orange Area/Phase Area ´Â ¹è¾ç 24½Ã°£ µ¿¾È À¯»çÇÑ °æÇâÀ» º¸ÀÔ´Ï´Ù
D. HER2 low MDA-MB-231 cells ¿¡ Kadcyla¢ç, trastuzumab ó¸®ÇßÀ» ¶§ ¹è¾ç 24½Ã°£ µÚ Orange Area/Phase Area ¸¦ ÃøÁ¤Çß½À´Ï´Ù. Kadcyla¢ç, trastuzumab ´Â HER2 low MDA-MB-231 cells ¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ¸Å¿ì ³·Àº internalization signal À» º¸ÀÔ´Ï´Ù.



Figure 3. Internalization of Profiles
Note : AU565 cells were treated with either Kadcyla¢ç, trastuzumab or isotype IgG complexed to Incucyte¢ç Fabfluor-pH Orange. Images (A) show a fluorescent signal in cells treated with either Kadcyla¢ç or trastuzumab but not IgG. The time course (B) shows a rapid concentration related internalization signal for Kadcyla¢ç, which has a similar potency to trastuzumab (C). No internalization is seen with the isotype control (teal [B], dotted line [C]). The bar graph (D) demonstrates the specificity of the signal with no signal measured in HER2 low MDA-MB-231 cells. All data shown as the mean ¡¾ SEM for 3 wells.


2. Effects of Proliferation

A. Nuclight Green-expressing AU565 cells À» Kadcyla¢ç, trastuzumab, isotype IgG, camptothecin (CPT) À¸·Î ó¸®Çß½À´Ï´Ù. ¹è¾ç 72½Ã°£ ÈÄ Çü±¤ ¹ßÇö À̹ÌÁö¸¦ º¸¸é Kadcyla¢ç À» ó¸®ÇÑ ½ÇÇ汸¿¡¼­ ¸Å¿ì ³·Àº viability ¸¦ È®ÀÎÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù
B. Kadcyla¢ç ½ÇÇ豸¿¡¼­ ½Ã°£¿¡ µû¸¥ Green Nuclear Count/Well (x 104) ¸¦ ÃøÁ¤Çß½À´Ï´Ù. ½Ã°£ÀÌ °¥¼ö·Ï ¼¼Æ÷¼ö°¡ °¨¼ÒÇÕ´Ï´Ù
C. ¹Ý¸é¿¡ trastuzumab ½ÇÇ豸¿¡¼­´Â °¨¼Ò °æÇâÀÌ º¸ÀÌÁö ¾Ê½À´Ï´Ù. isotype control (û»ö) ¶ÇÇÑ °¨¼Ò °æÇâÀÌ ¾ø½À´Ï´Ù. ±×·¯³ª CPT (Èæ»ö) Àº °¡Àå ¸¹Àº ¼¼Æ÷ »ç¸êÀ» º¸ÀÔ´Ï´Ù.
D. ¹è¾ç 72½Ã°£ ÈÄ¿¡ ÃøÁ¤ÇÑ Ã³¸® ³óµµ º° Potency of effect of Kadcyla¢ç ´Â 0.24 ¥ìg/mL ÀÔ´Ï´Ù.



Figure 4. Effects on Proliferation
Note : Nuclight Green-expressing AU565 cells were treated with either Kadcyla¢ç, trastuzumab, isotype IgG or camptothecin (CPT). Images (A) show the poor health of cells treated with Kadcyla¢ç and lack of effect of trastuzumab or IgG. The time course (B) shows a rapid concentration related decrease in cell numbers after Kadcyla¢ç treatment while trastuzumab (C) has no effect. The isotype control (teal line) has no effect on cell proliferation while CPT (black line) causes maximal cell death. Potency of effect of Kadcyla¢ç (D) is quantified after 72 h. All data shown as the mean ¡¾ SEM for 3 wells.


3. Effect of Kadcyla¢ç on Cell Cycle

A. Incucyte¢ç Cell Cycle indicator ¸¦ ¹ßÇöÇÏ´Â AU565 cells À» Kadcyla¢ç, isotype IgG ·Î ó¸®Çß½À´Ï´Ù. Kadcyla¢ç ·Î ó¸® ÈÄ ½Ã°£¿¡ µû¸¥ ±Þ°ÝÇÑ ¼¼Æ÷ ÁÖ±âÀÇ °¨¼Ò¸¦ º¸¿©ÁÝ´Ï´Ù.
B. ¹Ý¸é¿¡ IgG (3 ¥ìg/mL) ½ÇÇ豸´Â ¹è¾ç 24½Ã°£ÀÌ Áö³ªµµ ¼¼Æ÷ Áֱ⿡ º¯È­°¡ ¾ø½À´Ï´Ù
C. ½Ã°£¿¡ µû¸¥ Kadcyla¢ç Populations (%) ÀÔ´Ï´Ù.
D. ½Ã°£¿¡ µû¸¥ IgG Populations (%) ÀÔ´Ï´Ù



Figure 5. Effect of Kadcyla on Cell Cycle
Note : AU565 cells expressing the Incucyte¢ç Cell Cycle indicator were treated with Kadcyla¢ç or isotype IgG. Series of images (A) depicting the changes in cell cycle phases after treatment with Kadcyla¢ç or IgG (3 ¥ìg/mL, B). The time course graphs (C and D) display the change in populations post-treatment. All data shown as the mean ¡¾ SEM for at least 3 wells..


4. Enhanced effect of Kadcyla¢ç with ADCC

A. Nuclight Green-expressing AU565 cells À» monoculture ¹× co-culture (with NK cells in a 1:5 target:effector cell ratio) ¸¦ Çß½À´Ï´Ù. Incucyte¢ç Annexin V NIR Dye ·Î ¿°»ö ÈÄ Kadcyla ¿Í isotype IgG ·Î ó¸®Çß½À´Ï´Ù. ¹è¾ç 72½Ã°£ µ¿¾È monoculture ¹× co-culture ¿¡¼­ ¸ðµÎ Annexin V signal (blue) ÀÌ Áõ°¡ÇÏ°í ÀÌ¿Í ¹Ýºñ·ÊÇÏ¿© green target cells ÀÌ °¨¼ÒÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» È®ÀÎÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. NK cells (ADCC) ÀÌ Ãß°¡µÈ ½ÇÇ豸ÀÇ °æ¿ì ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °æÇâÀÌ ´õ µÎµå·¯Áý´Ï´Ù.
B. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ NK cells ¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) ¹ÝÀÀÀ» ¹è¾ç ½Ã°£ÀÌ ÀÚ´Ô¿¡ µû¶ó Total Green Object Area (¥ìm2/image, x 104) ·Î Á¤·®È­ Çß½À´Ï´Ù.
C. monoculture ¿¡ ºñÇØ co-culture ¿¡¼­ ADCC·Î ÀÎÇØ target cell killing effect °¡ Áõ°¡ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. isotype control Àº ¼¼Æ÷ »ç¸ê¿¡ ÀüÇô ¿µÇâÀ» ³¢Ä¡Áö ¾Ê½À´Ï´Ù.



Figure 6. Enhanced Effect of Kadcyla with ADCC
Nuclight Green-expressing AU565 cells were tested as a monoculture or as a co-culture with NK cells in a 1:5 target:effector cell ratio. Cells were treated with either Kadcyla¢ç or isotype IgG in the presence of Incucyte¢ç Annexin V NIR Dye. Images (A) depict the concentration-related decrease in green target cells and increase in Annexin V signal (blue, 72 h) in both assay formats. The effect is enhanced in the presence of NK cells (ADCC). The time course (B) demonstrates the quantification of this ADCC response. When directly compared, there is an enhanced target cell killing effect due to ADCC in the co-culture compared to monoculture (C). The isotype control has no effect on cell death (A, B and C). All data shown as the mean ¡¾ SEM for at least 3 wells.


5. Quantification of NK Activation During ADCC

A. AU565 ¿Í NK cells À» 1:5 target:effector cell ratio ·Î Co-cultures Çϸ鼭 Kadcyla ¸¦ ó¸®ÇÏ°í 24½Ã°£, 48½Ã°£ µ¿¾È °üÂûÇß½À´Ï´Ù. iQue¢ç Human NK Cell Killing Kit ¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© NK cells À» È°¼ºÈ­Çß½À´Ï´Ù. ±×·¡ÇÁ´Â Kadcyla¢ç ¿¡ ¹ÝÀÀÇÑ NK ¼¼Æ÷ÀÇ CD25 ¹ßÇöÀ» ³ªÅ¸³À´Ï´Ù.
B. Kadcyla¢ç ¿¡ ¹ÝÀÀÇÑ NK ¼¼Æ÷ÀÇ CD16 ¹ßÇöÀ» ³ªÅ¸³À´Ï´Ù.
C. Kadcyla¢ç ¿¡ ¹ÝÀÀÇÑ NK ¼¼Æ÷°¡ ºÐºñÇÑ IFN¥ã ¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³À´Ï´Ù.



Figure 7. Quantitation of NK Activation During ADCC
Note : Co-cultures of AU565 and NK cells in a 1:5 target: effector cell ratio were set up and treated with Kadcyla¢ç for 24h or 48h. The iQue¢ç Human NK Cell Killing Kit was used to assess activation of the NK cells. The graphs show the concentration dependent effect of Kadcyla¢ç on CD25 expression on NK cells (A), shedding of CD16 (B) and secreted IFN¥ã levels (C). All data shown as the mean ¡¾ SEM for at least 3 wells.


Conclusions

Incucyte¢ç Live-Cell Analysis System ·Î Kadcyla¢çÀÇ »ó¼¼ÇÑ Æ¯¼ºÈ­¸¦ ¸íÈ®ÇÏ°Ô ºÐ¼®ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÃøÁ¤°ªµéÀÌ biotherapeutics Ư¼ºÈ­¿¡ ¾î¶»°Ô Àû¿ëµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´ÂÁö¸¦ Àß º¸¿©ÁÝ´Ï´Ù. ±×¸®°í Incucyte ¸¦ »ç¿ëÇϸé Kadcyla¢çÀÇ ´Ù¾çÇÑ È¿°ú¸¦ °£´ÜÇÏ°í ¸íÈ®ÇÏ°Ô ½Ã°¢È­ÇÏ°í Á¤·®È­ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.







 
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