IMMUNOMODULATORY AND PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF OIL COMPOSITION IN VACCINE ADJUVANT EMULSIONS
Ãâó: Fox, C. B., Baldwin, S. L., Duthie, M. S., Reed, S. G., & Vedvick, T. S. (2011). Immunomodulatory and physical effects of oil composition in vaccine adjuvant emulsions. Vaccine, 29(51),
9563-9572.
Emulsions as safe and efficacious vaccine adjuvants
Squalene-based oil-in-water emulsionsÀº °èÀý¼º ¶Ç´Â ´ëÀ¯Çà ÀÎÇ÷翣ÀÚ ¹é½ÅÀ» À§ÇØ ¼ö³â µ¿¾È »ç¿ëµÇ¾î ¿Ô½À´Ï´Ù. ±×·¯³ª squalene ¼ººÐ°ú ÀáÀçÀûÀÎ »ý¹°ÇÐÀû È°¼º¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °ÆÁ¤ÀÌ
´ëµÎµÇ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù. ¹é½Å¿¡ ¹èÇյǴ oil-in-water emulsion ÇüÅÂÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ metabolizable oil°ú ºñ±³ÇÏ¿´À» ¶§ squaleneÀÇ ¸é¿ª Á¶Àý È°¼º¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¤º¸´Â °ÅÀÇ ¾ø½À´Ï´Ù. Christopher µî¿¡
ÀÇÇØ ¼öÇàµÈ ¿¬±¸¿¡¼ squaleneÀ» ºñ·ÔÇÑ ¿©·¯ Á¾·ùÀÇ oil·Î ±¸¼ºµÈ emulsionsÀÇ Á¦Á¶¿Í ¹°¸®Àû Ư¼ºÀÌ ¼³¸íµÇ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù.
Adjuvant formulations
Shark liver squalene (¡Ã98% purity), Fluorinert¢ç FC-40, sesame oil, soybean oil, grapeseed oil,
Miglyol¢ç 810ÀÌ emulsion-type adjuvantsÀÇ ¼ººÐÀ¸·Î ¼±ÅõǾú½À´Ï´Ù. Oil phase¸¦ °¢°¢ 10ml phospholipid¿¡ ¿ëÇؽÃÅ°°í, ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ¿ëÇØµÉ ¶§±îÁö oil-PC (phosphatidylcholine) mixture¸¦
ÃÊÀ½ÆÄ Ã³¸®ÇÏ¿´½À´Ï´Ù. Aqueous phase¸¦ oil phase¿Í 90% (v/v) ºñÀ²·Î ¼¯°í Silverson Heavy Duty Laboratory Mixer Emulsifier (East Longmeadow, MA)¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© mixingÇÏ¿©
crude emulsionÀ» ¸¸µé¾ú½À´Ï´Ù. Microfluidizer¢ç Processor (M110P, Microfluidics, Newton, MA, USA)¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© (12ȸ, 30,000 psi) crude emulsionÀ» uniform dropletsÀ¸·Î ¸¸µé¾îÁÖ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù.
»ý¼ºµÈ formulationsÀÇ ¾ÈÁ¤¼ºÀ» 5 ¡ÆC, room temperature, 37 ¡ÆC, 60 ¡ÆC¿¡¼ 6°³¿ù µ¿¾È monitoringÇÏ¿´½À´Ï´Ù.
Physicochemical properties of the adjuvants
À¯È¾ÈÁ¤¼º°ú °ü·ÃµÇ¾î non-squalene oil °£ÀÇ ¸î °¡Áö Â÷ÀÌ°¡ ºÐ¸íÈ÷ ³ªÅ¸³µ½À´Ï´Ù. Â÷ÀÌ°¡ ÀÖ¾ú´ø Ư¼ºÀ¸·Î´Â (Table 1), perfluorocarbon emulsionÀÎ Fluorinert¢ç FC-40¿¡¼
´õ ³ôÀº polydispersity (size heterogeneity)¸¦ º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ¾úÀ¸¸ç, long-chain triglyceride (grapeseed, sesame, soybean oils)¿Í perfluorocarbon emulsion (Fluorinert¢ç FC-40)Àº 60¡É¿¡¼
ºÒ¾ÈÁ¤ÇÔÀÌ ´«À¸·Î È®ÀεǾú½À´Ï´Ù.
ƯÈ÷ ÀÌ ¿¬±¸¿¡¼´Â emulsion stabilityÀÇ ÁöÇ¥·Î optical profileÀ» ¾ò±â À§ÇØ LUMiReader Separation Analyzer (LUM Americas, Boulder, CO, USA) ±â±â¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ¿´½À´Ï´Ù.
ÀÌ Àåºñ´Â Èñ¼®ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº emulsion¿¡ ±ÙÀû¿Ü¼± (870nm)À» ÁÖ»çÇÏ¿© 45 mm length, 7 ¥ìm resolutionÀÇ ¼¾¼¿¡ ÀÇÇØ emulsionÀÇ ºû Åõ°úµµ¸¦ ÃøÁ¤ÇÕ´Ï´Ù.
ÀÌ´Â È¿°úÀûÀÎ ºÐ»ê ¾ÈÁ¤¼® ºÐ¼® ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î µ¿½Ã¿¡ Emulsion ÀüüÀÇ Åõ°úµµ¸¦ ÀÏÁ¤ÇÑ ½Ã°£ °£°ÝÀ¸·Î ÃøÁ¤ÇÏ¿© °¢ Åõ°úµµ profileÀ» ÇϳªÀÇ graph À§¿¡ ¼øÂ÷ÀûÀ¸·Î Ç¥½ÃÇÏ¿©
Åõ°úµµÀÇ º¯È (ºÐ»êµÈ ¹°ÁúÀÇ de-mixing °úÁ¤)À» ´Ü½Ã°£¿¡ ÇÑ ´«¿¡ È®ÀÎÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.
ÀÌ ¿¬±¸¿¡¼ optical profiles´Â 60¡É¿¡¼ 4½Ã°£ µ¿¾È 10ºÐ °£°ÝÀ¸·Î ¼öÁýµÇ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù. Figure 1a¿¡¼ ÆĶõ»ö profiles´Â emulsionÀÇ Ãʱâ Åõ°úµµÀÌ¸ç ºÐÈ«»ö profilesÀº Èıâ Åõ°úµµÀÔ´Ï´Ù.
¼·Î ´Ù¸¥ emulsionsÀ» ºñ±³Çϱâ À§ÇØ, profilesÀÇ Æ¯Á¤ ¹üÀ§ (27-32mm)¿¡¼ÀÇ profile ¾Æ·¡ ¸éÀû (integral transmission, %)À» figure 1b¿Í °°ÀÌ ±â±âÀÇ Àü¿ë ¼ÒÇÁÆ®¿þ¾î¸¦ ÅëÇØ °è»êÇÏ¿´½À´Ï´Ù.
Integral transmissionÀÇ °¨¼Ò¸¦ º¸ÀÌ´Â emulsions (squalene, grapeseed, sesame, soybean emulsions)¿¡¼´Â ÇÕÀÏ (coalescence) ¶Ç´Â ÀÔÀÚÀÇ ¼ºÀåÀÌ ÀϾÀ½À» ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù.
ÀÌ´Â ´õ Å« ÀÔÀÚµéÀº ´õ ¸¹Àº ºûÀ» »ê¶õÇÏ¿© detector·Î ºûÀ» ´ú Àü´ÞÇϱ⠶§¹®ÀÔ´Ï´Ù. Soybean emulsionÀÇ ³ôÀº Ãʱâ Åõ°úµµ °ªÀº ¿¹»ó °¡´ÉÇÏ¿´´Âµ¥,
´Ù¸¥ emulsions¿¡ ºñÇØ ´õ ÀÛÀº Ãʱâ ÀÔÀÚ Å©±â¸¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ¾ú±â ¶§¹®ÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ medium-chain triglyceride emulsion (Miglyol¢ç 810)ÀÇ creaming rateÀÌ Áõ°¡µÊÀ»
laser scatteirng optical profilingÀ¸·Î ½±°Ô È®ÀÎÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù.
Èï¹Ì·Ó°Ôµµ »ó´ëÀûÀ¸·Î Åõ¸íÇÑ Fluorinert¢ç FC-40 emulsion (high light transmission)Àº ºû Åõ°úµµÀÇ º¯È°¡ ÀüüÀûÀ¸·Î °ÅÀÇ ¾ø¾úÀ¸¸ç, À̸¦ ÅëÇØ ÀÌ emulsionÀÌ 60¡É¿¡¼
ÁÁÀº ºÐ»ê ¾ÈÁ¤¼ºÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖÀ½À» ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù.
Figure 1. Laser scattering optical profiling analysis of emulsion stability. (a) Laser transmission scans of undiluted grapeseed emulsion in polycarbonate cuvette measured
every 10 min over 4 h at 60 ¡ÆC, with blue color indicating initial scans and pink color indicating later scans. (b) Integral transmission profiles of the 25 - 30 mm region
(see above) of cuvettes containing emulsion, measured over 4 h at 60 ¡ÆC.
Squalene emulsion enhances antibody responses to the antigens
EmulsionsÀÇ »ý¹°ÇÐÀû È°¼ºÀ» recombinant malaria antigen ¶Ç´Â split-virus incactivated influenza vaccine°ú ¹èÇÕÇÏ¿© ºñ±³ÇÏ¿´½À´Ï´Ù (figure 2). Squalene emulsionÀ» ÇÔÀ¯ÇÑ
¹é½ÅÀº ´Ù¸¥ oil·Î µÈ emulsionÀ» ÇÔÀ¯ÇÑ ¹é½Åµé¿¡ ºñÇÏ¿© ´õ ³ôÀº Ç×ü ³óµµ¿Í ´õ ¸¹Àº long-lived plasma cellÀ» µµÃâÇÏ¿´½À´Ï´Ù (figure 3).
Figure 2. Effect of adjuvant formulation in humoral immune responses induced by immunization with inactivated split-virus influenza vaccine (Fluzone).
Figure 3. IgG-secreting bone marrow plasma cells against Fluzone were determined by ELISPOT and data are represented by mean cell counts ¡¾ SEM.
Conclusion and further information
Æò°¡µÈ ´Ù¸¥ oils¿Í ºñ±³ÇßÀ» ¶§ squalene-based emulsionÀº ³ôÀº adjuvant ´É·ÂÀ» º¸¿´½À´Ï´Ù. ¹Ý¸é, non-squalene oilsÀº stand-alone adjuvant·Î »ç¿ëµÇ±â º¸´Ù´Â
¾çÄ£¸Å¼º ¶Ç´Â ¼Ò¼ö¼º ¸é¿ª ÀÚ±Ø ¹°Áú (TLR agonist¿Í °°Àº)ÀÇ ¿î¹Ýü·Î ´õ ÀûÇÕÇÒ °ÍÀ¸·Î ÆǴܵǾú½À´Ï´Ù.
ÀÌ ¿¬±¸¿¡¼ oil-in-water emulsion adjuvants¸¦ ÃÖÁ¾ »ý»êÇÒ ¶§ ¹Ì±¹ Microfluidics»çÀÇ Microfluidizer¢ç High Shear Processor¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© ó¸®ÇÏ¿© ¸Å¿ì ±ÕÁúÇÑ ÀÔÀÚ·Î
ºÐ»êµÈ adjuvants¸¦ ¾òÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ µ¶ÀÏ LUM»çÀÇ LUMiReader Separation Analyzer¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© À¯ÈµÈ adjuvantsÀÇ ºÐ»ê ¾ÈÁ¤¼ºÀ» °¡¼ÓÈ Á¶°Ç¿¡¼ ºü¸£°í
½±°Ô È®ÀÎÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù.
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