PRODUCTION OF VACCINE ADJUVANTS USING HIGH SHEAR FLUID PROCESSING
Àü¿°º´ÀÇ ¹ßº´À» ¿¹¹æÇÏ°í »ý¸íÀ» ±¸ÇÏ´Â °¡Àå È¿°úÀûÀÎ ¹æ¹ýÀº ¹é½ÅÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù. 2¼¼±â Àü óÀ½ ¹é½ÅÀÌ ¼Ò°³µÈ ÀÌ·¡·Î, ¹é½ÅÀº ÆÒµ¥¹ÍÀ» ¿¹¹æÇÏ´Â °¡Àå È¿°úÀûÀÎ ¹æ¹ýÀÌ µÇ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù.
Vaccine adjuvants ´Â ¸é¿ª¹ÝÀÀÀ» Áõ´ë½ÃÄÑ ¹é½ÅÀÇ È¿´ÉÀ» Å©°Ô Çâ»ó ½ÃÅ°´Â ´É·ÂÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ¾î »ç¶÷°ú °¡Ãà ¹é½Å¿¡¼ °¡Àå Áß¿äÇÑ ¼ººÐÀÔ´Ï´Ù.
Áö±Ýµµ Æø ³Ð°Ô »ç¿ëµÇ°í ÀÖ´Â ÀüÅëÀûÀÎ adjuvants´Â aluminum salts¸¦ ±â¹ÝÀ¸·Î ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ±× °ÍÀº ü¾×¼º (Th2) ¸é¿ª ¹ÝÀÀÀ» µµÀÔÇϹǷΠ¼¼Æ÷¼º (Th1) ¸é¿ª ¹ÝÀÀ¿¡ ´õ È¿°úÀûÀΠƯÁ¤ ¹é½Å¿¡´Â
ÀûÇÕÇÏÁö ¾Ê½À´Ï´Ù. ¾ÈÁ¤ÇÑ nanoemulsions À» »ç¿ëÇÑ »õ·Î¿î adjuvants´Â ÀüÅëÀûÀÎ adjuvants¿Í ºñ±³ÇÏ¿´À» ¶§ ¿©·¯ ÀåÁ¡À» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ¾î¼ ´õ ³ªÀº Áøº¸µÈ ´ë¾ÈÀÌ µÇ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù.
- Ãß°¡ÀûÀÎ ¸é¿ª ÃËÁøÁ¦ ¾øÀÌ ¸é¿ª ¹ÝÀÀÀÇ Çâ»ó½Ãų ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ´É·Â
- ¼¼Æ÷¼º (Th1), ü¾×¼º (Th2) ¹× major histocompatibility complexes (MHC) ¹ÝÀÀÀ» ¸ðµÎ È¿°úÀûÀ¸·Î  
Çâ»ó ½Ãų ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ´É·Â
- ÁÁÀº ³»¼º°ú »ýºÐÇؼº
Key Production Requirements & Challenges
Vaccine adjuvants ¶Ç´Â delivery systemsÀ¸·Î nanoemulsionÀÌ »ç¿ëµÇ´Â ¿©·¯ ÀåÁ¡¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸ÇÏ°í, Á¦¾à »ê¾÷Àº ÁÖ¿ä Á¦Á¶ ¹®Á¦¿¡ Á÷¸éÇÏ°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù:
(1) ÀÔÀÚ Å©±â/ Å©±â ºÐÆ÷¸¦ ¾î¶»°Ô Á¤È®ÇÏ°Ô Á¶ÀýÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´ÂÁö, (2) °øÁ¤ÀÇ scalability¿Í repeatability¸¦ ¾î¶»°Ô ¾òÀ» °ÍÀÎÁö, (3) cGMP ±ÔÁ¤À» ¾î¶»°Ô ÃæÁ·ÇÒ °ÍÀÎÁö.
Nono-emulsionsÀº ¿ªÇÐÀûÀ¸·Î ¾ÈÁ¤ÇÏÁö¸¸ ±×µéÀÇ ¾ÈÁ¤¼ºÀº ÁÖ·Î Ostwald ripening Çö»ó (emulsionÀÇ polydispersity (size heterogeneity)¿Í ÀÔÀÚ Å©±â¿¡ µû¸¥ ¿ëÇصµ
Â÷ÀÌ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¹ß»ý)¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹Þ½À´Ï´Ù. ºñ°æ±¸ nanoemulsionÀº Åõ¿©¸¦ À§ÇØ ¸ê±ÕÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÕ´Ï´Ù. È¿°úÀûÀÌ°í »ó´ëÀûÀ¸·Î °£´ÜÇÑ ¸ê±Õ¹æ¹ýÀº 220nm sterilizing-grade filters¸¦
ÅëÇÑ filtration (terminal sterilization)ÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ¸¸¾à 220nmº¸´Ù Å« ÀÔÀÚµéÀÌ ¸¹´Ù¸é filterÀÇ Ã³¸®·®ÀÌ °¨¼ÒµÇ´Â ¿øÀÎÀÌ µÇ¸ç ¸¹Àº filters°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇϱ⠶§¹®¿¡ ÀÌ´Â filtration ºñ¿ëÀÇ Áõ°¡¸¦
ÀǹÌÇÕ´Ï´Ù. Filter´Â ¸·Èú ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç »ý»ê ¼Õ½Ç·Î ºñ¿ëÀÌ ¹ß»ýÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ÀÔÀÚ Å©±â¿Í Å©±â ºÐÆ÷´Â ¸ðµÎ ¸Å¿ì Áß¿äÇÕ´Ï´Ù.
How Microfluidizer Technology¢â Support Vaccine Adjuvant Production
Microfluidizer technology ´Â µ¿±Þ ÃÖ°íÀÇ nanoemulsionÀ» »ý»êÇϱâ À§ÇÑ ÃÖÀûÀÇ ¼Ö·ç¼ÇÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ¾Æ·¡ Figure 2¿Í 3¿¡¼ º¼ ¼ö ÀÖµíÀÌ,
ÀÌ ±â¼úÀÇ ±â¹ÝÀº micro-channel·Î ±¸¼ºµÈ fixed geometry Interaction Chamber¢â¿¡ ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. Interaction Chamber ³»ºÎÀÇ flow´Â Å« turbulent°¡ ÀϾ¸ç fluid´Â ¸Å¿ì
°·ÂÇÑ Àü´Ü·Â (108 s-1)¿¡ ³ëÃâµË´Ï´Ù. ÀÌ Àü´Ü·Â Å©±â´Â ¿øÇÏ´Â ¼öÁØÀÇ micro mixing¿¡ µµ´ÞÇϱâ À§ÇØ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ´Ù¸¥ ºñ±³µÉ¸¸ÇÑ technologiesº¸´Ù ÈνŠū °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù.
¶ÇÇÑ, MicrochannelÀº Á¶Àý°¡´ÉÇÑ Àü´Ü·ÂÀ» °ø±ÞÇϱâ À§ÇÑ ¸ð¾ç°ú Å©±â¸¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. Constant pressure pumping technology´Â ´Ü´ÜÇÑ °í¹Ðµµ, °íÁ¡µµ, ³ÐÀº ¹üÀ§ÀÇ
¿Âµµ¸¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Â ¹°Áúµé¿¡µµ Àû¿ë°¡´ÉÇÏ°í batch mode ¶Ç´Â continuous mode·Î ¸ðµÎ ÀÛµ¿ °¡´ÉÇÕ´Ï´Ù. Á¦Ç° ¿Âµµ´Â heat exchanger¿Í °°Àº cooling devices¸¦ ÅëÇØ È¿°úÀûÀ¸·Î
Á¦¾îÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.
Figure 2: Schematic of Microfluidizer Processor
Single-Slotted Interaction Chamber and Multi-Slotted Interaction Chamber
Microfluidics´Â 2Á¾ÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ Interaction Chamber (IXC) designsÀ» Á¦°øÇÕ´Ï´Ù: Z type°ú Y type. ¾Æ·¡ figure´Â Y-IXC¸¦ º¸¿©ÁÖ°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. Z-IXC´Â ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î cell disruption°ú dispersion¿¡
»ç¿ëµË´Ï´Ù. Y-IXC´Â ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î liquid-liquid emulsions, encapsulations, liposomes »ý»ê¿¡ »ç¿ëµË´Ï´Ù.
Y-IXC·Î nanoemulsionÀ» »ý»êÇÒ ¶§ fluid´Â inlet¿¡¼ µÎ È帧À¸·Î ³ª´µ¾îÁý´Ï´Ù. °¢ È帧Àº micro-channelÀ» Åë°úÇÏ¸ç ¸Å¿ì ³ôÀº shear (Àü´Ü·Â)À» ¸¸³ª°í high impact zone¿¡¼ Ãæ°ÝÀ»
¹Þ°ÔµÇ¾î, ³ôÀº turbulent energy¿¡ ÀÇÇØ micro mixingÀÌ »ý¼ºµË´Ï´Ù. Shear¿Í micro mixingÀº ÀÔÀÚ°¡ nanometer ¼öÁØÀ¸·Î ÂÉ°³¾îÁöµµ·Ï ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ¾Æ·¡ ±×¸²ÀÇ ¿À¸¥ÂÊ¿¡ º¸ÀÌ´Â
Multi-slotted scale-up IXC designÀº 10L/min ¼öÁØÀ¸·Î 󸮷®À» Áõ°¡½Ãų ¶§ linear scalability¸¦ º¸ÀåÇϱâ À§ÇØ µ¿ÀÏÇÑ microchannelÀ» ¼öÆòÀ¸·Î ³ª¿ÇÏ¿© ¼³°èµÇ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù.
ÀÌ´Â °¢ microchannel ³»ºÎÀÇ fluids°¡ Á¤È®ÇÏ°Ô µ¿ÀÏÇÑ shear rate·Î ó¸®µÇ¾î µ¿ÀÏÇÑ ¼öÁØÀÇ micro mixingÀÌ °¡´ÉÇϵµ·Ï ÇÕ´Ï´Ù.
Figure 3: Schematic of Y-Type Interaction Chamber
Intensifier pump¿Í fixed geometry IXCÀÇ Á¶ÇÕÀº Microfludizer processorÀÇ ¸Å¿ì Áß¿äÇÑ ÀÌÁ¡ÀÎ constant process pressure profile
(fluid¸¦ ó¸®ÇÏ´Â ¾Ð·ÂÀÌ ¸Å¿ì ÀÏÁ¤ÇÔ)À» Á¦°øÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ¾Æ·¡ ±×¸²¿¡¼ º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °Í°ú °°ÀÌ Microfluidizer processorÀÇ Ã³¸® ¾Ð·ÂÀº compression strokes¸¦ À§ÇÑ ¸ñÇ¥ ¾Ð·Â¿¡
´ëºÎºÐ µµ´ÞÇϸç ÀÏÁ¤ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ÀÌ´Â ¸ðµç Á¦Ç°ÀÌ Microfluidizer processor¿¡¼ ¸ñÇ¥ ¾Ð·ÂÀ¸·Î 󸮵ȴٴ °ÍÀ» ÀǹÌÇÏ´Â ¸Å¿ì Áß¿äÇÑ °á°úÀÔ´Ï´Ù.
ó¸®µÈ °á°ú·Î ÀÛÀº ÀÔÀÚ Å©±â¿Í Á¼Àº ÀÔÀÚ Å©±â ºÐÆ÷¸¦ °®´Â nanoemulsionÀ» ¾òÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ÃÖÁ¾ »ý»êÇ°ÀÇ Ç°ÁúÀº suction stroke (zero-pressure ºÎºÐ)ÀÇ ¿µÇâÀ»
¹ÞÁö ¾Ê½À´Ï´Ù. ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±× ½ÃÁ¡¿¡¼´Â ¾î¶°ÇÑ ¹°Áúµµ pushµÇ°Å³ª IXC¿¡¼ 󸮵ÇÁö ¾Ê±â ¶§¹®ÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ¹Ý¸é ÀüÅëÀûÀÎ High Pressure Homogenizers (HPH)Àº ¾Ð·ÂÀÌ
¾Æ´Ñ ºÎÇÇ°¡ ÀÏÁ¤Çϵµ·Ï ¼³°èµÇ¾îÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î HPHÀÇ ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ pressure profileÀº Àüü cycle¿¡¼ ¸Å¿ì ´Ù¾çÇÏ°Ô ³ªÅ¸³ª¸ç ¸ñÇ¥ ¾Ð·Âº¸´Ù 50% ÀÌ»ó °¨¼ÒµÇ±âµµ ÇÕ´Ï´Ù
(Figure 4ÀÇ red profile). ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Å« ¾Ð·Â ÆíÂ÷·Î ÀÎÇØ HPH·ÎºÎÅÍ ¾òÀº emulsionÀº ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î Å« ÀÔÀÚ¸¦ °®À¸¸ç ³ÐÀº ÀÔÀÚ Å©±â ºÐÆ÷¸¦ º¸ÀÔ´Ï´Ù.
Figure 4: Pressure Profile Comparison between Microfluidizer Processor and High Pressure Homogenizer
¿©±â¿¡¼ ¼³¸íÇÏ´Â ¿¬±¸ »ç·Ê´Â nanoemulsion adjuvantsÀÇ »ý»ê¿¡¼ Microfluidizer technology »ç¿ëÀÇ ÀÌÁ¡À» Àß º¸¿©ÁÖ°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.
ÀÌ ¿¬±¸¿¡¼, Microfluidizer process´Â model oil-in-water nanoemulsion adjuvantÀÇ »ý»ê¿¡ »ç¿ëµÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç ÀüÅëÀûÀÎ HPH technology¿¡ ÀÇÇØ »ý»êµÈ °á°ú¹°°ú ºñ±³µÇ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù.
Model oil-in-water nanoemulsionÀº squalane oil based emulsionÀ̾ú½À´Ï´Ù. ½ÇÇè¿¡ »ç¿ëµÉ pre-emulsionÀ» ¸¸µé±â À§ÇØ, separate oil°ú aqueous phase¸¦ ¹èÇÕÇÏ°í À̸¦
low energy rotor-stator mixer (Quadro HV0)·Î mixingÇÏ¿´½À´Ï´Ù. Final nanoemulsionÀº Microfluidizer processor (M110P) ¶Ç´Â HPH·Î »ý»êµÇ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù.
°¢ processor¿¡¼ Àû¿ë ¾Ð·Â°ú pass Ƚ¼ö¸¦ ´Ù¾çÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ¿© ó¸®ÇÏ°í ±× °á°ú¹°À» Æò°¡ÇÏ¿´½À´Ï´Ù. ÀÔÀÚ Å©±â¿Í ÀÔÀÚ Å©±â ºÐÆ÷´Â dynamic light scattering instrument¿Í optical microscope¸¦
»ç¿ëÇÏ¿© ºÐ¼®µÇ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
°á°ú¿¡¼ Microfludizer processor´Â HPHº¸´Ù ¸Å¿ì ³ôÀº È¿À²°ú ÀçÇö °¡´ÉÇÑ ´õ ³ªÀº °á°ú¸¦ º¸¿© À¯ÀÇÀûÀ¸·Î ¶Ù¾î³ ÆÛÆ÷¸Õ½º¸¦ ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ³ªÅ¸³µ½À´Ï´Ù.
Efficiency
Figure 5´Â Microfluidizer processor (MF)°¡ HPHº¸´Ù ºü¸¥ ÀÔÀÚ Å©±â °¨¼Ò¸¦ ´Þ¼ºÇÏ¿´À½À» º¸¿©ÁÝ´Ï´Ù. MF·Î ó¸®µÈ emulsionÀÇ ÀÔÀÚ Å©±â´Â 10, 20, 30k psiÀÇ Ã³¸® ¾Ð·Â¿¡¼
¸ðµÎ ÀÛÀº °ÍÀ¸·Î ³ªÅ¸³µ½À´Ï´Ù. HPH¸¦ °í¾ÐÀ¸·Î ¼³Á¤ÇÏ¿© 5ȸ ó¸®µÈ nanoemulsionÀÇ Æò±Õ ÀÔÀÚ Å©±â´Â MFÀÇ ³·Àº ¾Ð·Â (10k psi)À¸·Î ó¸®ÇÏ¿© ¾òÀº ÀÔÀÚ (180nm)¿¡µµ
¹ÌÄ¡Áö ¸øÇÏ´Â ¼öÁØÀ̾ú½À´Ï´Ù. Ãß°¡ÀûÀ¸·Î µ¿ÀÏÇÑ Á¶°Ç°ú ¿¡³ÊÁö ÇÏ¿¡¼ (°°Àº ¾Ð·Â°ú ó¸® Ƚ¼ö), MF·Î °¡°øµÈ nanoemulsionÀº HPH·Î °¡°øµÈ °Í º¸´Ù 18-55% ´õ ÀÔÀÚ°¡ ÀÛ¾Ò½À´Ï´Ù (figure 6).
Figure 5: Average Size of Particle Nanoemulsions obtained with Microfluidizer Processor and High Pressure Homogenizer
Figure 6: Particle size increase of homogenized nanoemulsions comparing to Microfluidizer processor created nanoemulsions.
Unifomity
MF¿¡ ÀÇÇØ »ý¼ºµÈ nanoemulsionÀº µ¿ÀÏÇÑ ¿¡³ÊÁö¸¦ »ç¿ëÇØ HPH¿¡ ÀÇÇØ »ý¼ºµÈ °Íº¸´Ù polydispersion (size heterogeneity)ÀÇ Á¤µµ°¡ 17-91% ´õ ³·¾Ò½À´Ï´Ù (figure 7).
´ëºÎºÐÀÇ Å×½ºÆ® Á¶°Ç¿¡¼, MF¿¡ ÀÇÇØ »ý¼ºµÈ nanoemulsionÀº ±ÕÀÏÇÑ ÀÔÀÚ Å©±â ºÐÆ÷¸¦ º¸¿´À¸¸ç, polydispersity index (PDI)°¡ 0.1º¸´Ù ÀÛ¾Ò½À´Ï´Ù. ¹Ý¸é HPH·Î »ý¼ºµÈ
nanoemulsionÀº ³ÐÀº ÀÔÀÚ Å©±â ºÐÆ÷¸¦ º¸ÀÌ¸ç ´õ Å« PDI °ªÀ» °®¾Ò½À´Ï´Ù.
Figure 7: Polydispersity index of nanoemulsions obtained with Microfluidizer Processor and high pressure homogenizer
Power Consumption
Table 1Àº MF¿Í HPHÀÇ Àü·Â ¼Òºñ¸¦ ºñ±³ÇÏ¿© º¸¿©ÁÝ´Ï´Ù. À¯»çÇÑ °á°ú¿¡ µµ´ÞÇϱâ À§Çؼ, HPH´Â MFº¸´Ù 7.5¹è ´õ ¸¹Àº Àü·ÂÀ» ¼ÒºñÇÏ¿´½À´Ï´Ù.
¿¹·Î 180nm Á¤µµÀÇ ÀÔÀÚ Å©±â¸¦ °®´Â nanoemulsionÀ» ¾ò±â À§Çؼ emulsionÀº 30,000 psi ¾Ð·ÂÀ¸·Î ¼³Á¤µÈ HPH¿¡¼ 5ȸ 󸮵Ǿî¾ß ÇÕ´Ï´Ù.
¹Ý¸é MF·Î ó¸®µÉ °æ¿ì¿¡´Â 10,000 psi ¾Ð·Â¿¡¼ 2ȸ¸¸ 󸮵Ǿ °°Àº °á°ú¸¦ ¾òÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.
Table 1: Powder consumption between high pressure homogenizer and Microfluidizer Processor
Repeatability
Figure 8Àº µ¿ÀÏÇÏ°Ô 30k psi ¾Ð·Â ÇÏ¿¡¼ °¢ ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î 1ȸ ó¸®ÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç À̸¦ 3¹ø ¹Ýº¹ ½ÇÇèÇÏ¿©¿© ¾òÀº nonoemulsionÀÇ Æò±Õ ÀÔÀÚ Å©±â¸¦ º¸¿©ÁÝ´Ï´Ù.
ÀÔÀÚ Å©±âÀÇ Ç¥ÁØ ÆíÂ÷´Â HPH¿¡ ÀÇÇØ »ý»êÇßÀ» ¶§ (3.8-14.8)º¸´Ù MF¿¡ ÀÇÇØ »ý»êÇßÀ» ¶§ (0.1-2.6) ÈξÀ ´õ ³·¾Ò½À´Ï´Ù.
Figure 8: Repeatability in terms of particle size of homogenized nanoemulsions comparing to Microfluidizer processor created nanoemulsions.
IN CONCLUSION
Microfluidizer processor¿Í High Pressure Homogenizer ¹æ¹ýÀ» »ç¿ëÇØ »ý»êµÈ nanoemulsionsÀ» ºñ±³ÇÑ »ç·Ê¿¡¼ ¼³¸íµÈ °Í°ú °°ÀÌ, Microfluidizer technology´Â
nonoemulsion vaccine adjuvantsÀÇ Á¦Á¶¿¡ ÃÖÀûȵǾî ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.
ÀÔÀÚ Å©±â, Å©±â ºÐÆ÷, Àü·Â ¼Òºñ ¹× °¡°ø ÀçÇö¼ºÀ» ºÐ¼®ÇÑ °á°ú´Â ¸ðµÎ Microfluidizer ±â¼úÀÌ ÀüÅëÀûÀÎ HPH ±â¼úº¸´Ù nanoemulsionÀ» »ý»êÇϴµ¥ ´õ È¿°úÀûÀÓÀ» º¸¿©ÁÖ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù.
¿ì¼öÇÑ nanoemulsion »ý»êÀÇ ¶Ç ´Ù¸¥ ÀÌÁ¡Àº Çâ»óµÈ ºÐ»ê ¾ÈÁ¤¼º°ú ´õ È¿°úÀûÀÎ ¸ê±Õ ÇÊÅÍ Ã³¸®°¡ °¡´ÉÇϵµ·Ï ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù.
¹é½Å °³¹ß¿¡ »ç¿ëµÇ´Â Àåºñ¿Í ±â¼ú¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´õ ¸¹Àº Á¤º¸¸¦ À§Çؼ Microfluidics»çÀÇ resource page¸¦ ¹æ¹®ÇÏ½Ç ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.
REFERENCES
1. Vaccine adjuvants review, www.Innivogen.com, 2011
2. Subunit vaccine delivery, Springer, 2015
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LM20 Laboratory Microfluidizer
M815 Microfluidizer
M700 series Microfluidizer for production
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